Trading Pollution Credits
← The Cap and Trade Program | Obtaining an Environmental Permit → |
Introduction
The Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1990 initiated pollution credits as an approach for industries to manage various regulations that seek to reduce air pollution. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) together with individual states formed a system that permits manufacturing plants and utilities to release a specific level of pollutants. Some companies are permitted to trade pollution credits whilst conforming to the required standards for a cleaner air. Cost-benefit analysis of trading pollution credits is significant in evaluating the gains and drawbacks of environmental protective regulations (EPA, 1995).
Discussion
Trading pollution credits is an effective strategy in producing the very best environmental outcome for the least cost. For instance, the formation of a market by U.S. in 1990 to trade pollution credits has worked effectively to lessen acid rain and sulfur dioxide emissions emerging from coal-fired power plants. Reduction of Sulfur dioxide cap to the appropriate health would protect ecosystems and human health. Moreover, the EPA introduced a strategy that would regulate lethal air pollution from petroleum refineries. EPA’s aim was to reduce approximately 60 percent of chemicals which were prone to cause severe health effects such as cancer and thus save 4.5 million Americans. By utilizing trading pollution credits, EPA and consumers were able to save $ 2 billion annually and regulate cancer-causing air toxins. Hence, this was a successful and beneficial approach to cause an effective environmental and public health protection (Collin, 2006, p. 340).
According to Tietenberg (2006), during the period 1970-1990, United States government successfully conducted a cost-benefit analysis of air program. Within this period, the findings from the analysis concluded that air program trading pollution credits results, principally amounted to a total benefit amounting to approximately $ 22 trillion, a net benefit of $21.7 trillion and a total cost amounting to roughly $ 0.5 trillion. The analysis also concluded that that the economic cost of clean air programs was forty two times better contrasted to the total costs of air pollution regulation throughout the 20 year period .The study discovered that several positive consequences occurred in the U.S. economy due to CAA regulations and programs. Moreover, the study approximated that total agricultural benefits from the CAA amounted to roughly $10 billion. Thus, it is clear from the outcome conducted during this period that the benefits from regulating air pollution considerably outweighed the costs (67).
Hence, the goals of free trade and environmental protection properly interconnect with the new pollution trading methods which are founded on market mechanisms. Trading pollution credits has enabled large polluters to sell credits to companies that are unable to maintain their emissions within acceptable limits. For instance, if a plant lowered its SO2 emissions below its permitted level, it could afford to trade the leftover emission credits to other utilities that needed to purchase it. This rule has led to an economic gain by reducing pollution through low-carbon generation. The costs and benefits of trading pollution credit have led to major reductions in cases of smog, haze, acid rain, diseases and environmental effects (EPA 1995). For instance, the reduction of smog-levels resulted to a benefit of more than $ 150 million annually while the total cost amounted to roughly $ 95 million annually. The benefit was due to a 60% decrease from existing levels (Collins, 2006, p.340).
Conclusion
In Conclusion, It is clear that the quantifiable benefits of trading pollution credits overweigh the full costs that result from the environmental hazards. With regard to the environmental history, the rise of environmentalism and environmental awareness that emerged in the 1970s was a feasible option of environmental protection. Hence, the development of trading pollution credit has provided industries with an effective strategy of reducing pollution with the lowest cost.
![]() |
Langley R.
Los Angeles, CA
|
|
One of the things that I appreciate most about EssaysEmpire.com, is that they don’t resell your paper. Only you own it, if you hire them to write something. Other writing services that I have used, just circulate the same paper over and over, and if you get caught turning one in, too bad. You are expelled. EssaysEmpire.com will even give you a plagiarism report after they run it through their anti-plagiarism check. Such details set EssaysEmpire.com above the rest. |
![]() |
Tricia A.
Calabasas, CA
|
|
Thanks for everything. I like your writing service a lot. Your staff is friendly and they’re always open. The papers that you’ve written for me have been very good. |
![]() |
Marcella M.
Lexington, KY
|
|
Dear EssaysEmpire.com, I am very happy with the work that your writers did for me. I was impressed by the plagiarism report, too. Thanks for everything! |
![]() |
Lonnie K.
Falcon Crest, MA
|
|
I work very long hours. Therefore, I sometimes run behind in my school assignments. This is especially true for the long written assignments. It is so great to know that I can always count on EssaysEmpire.com to help me out. The papers that I buy from you are excellent, without fail. I really appreciate your help . Thanks for everything. |
![]() |
Sylvia S.
Ardmore, OK
|
|
Dear EssaysEmpire.com, Over the last couple of years, I have used your writing service for a total of five times. I have never had the same writer twice, but I have had excellent results with the writers who were assigned to my projects. I could easily recommend you guys. You’re the greatest! |
![]() |
Mark R.
Seattle, WA
|
|
I am so happy with my term paper. The writer did a spectacular job!! Thanks to the writing team and also to the customer service team. |
![]() |
Sharon Q.
Lexington, OK
|
|
Working with your writers is always such a pleasure. Thanks again. |
![]() |
Barry M.
Seattle, WA.
|
|
BRAVO! EssaysEmpire.com has done it again. I have just received another A+ for an EssaysEmpire.com paper! Thanks!Thanks! |
![]() |
Beverly S.
Cambridge, MA
|
|
I appreciate the help your wring service gave me with my biology paper. I have never cared much for biology. It is a tough subject for me to grasp. This is why I needed so much help with my paper. The writer absolutely understood the whole topic and turned out work that would have made anyone proud. Thanks a million for the great paper. |
![]() |
Grace T.
Purcell, OK
|
|
Thank you for assuring that only the best writers work for you. It doesn’t matter which writer has been assigned to my projects since I started using your services. Every time I get a paper written, it is perfect. |
![]() |
Steve Y.
Ft. Worth, TX
|
|
I would just like to say that I am tremendously happy with the two papers that were written for me by the EssaysEmpire.com writers. They were just what I ordered….only better. |
![]() |
Jaffar M.
Salt Lake City, UT
|
|
My sincere thanks for a job well done. My professor loved my paper and commended me for handing in the one that your writing service helped me with. The paper flowed very well. It was logical and intelligent-sounding. I was very pleased overall. |
![]() |
Morgan W.
Eugene, OR
|
|
I don’t see how anyone could write a paper about something as boring as the psychology of the two year old, could make it sound so interesting, but your writers managed to pull it off. Thank you for putting forth such a concerted effort to do a good job. I really appreciate it. I will use your service again |
![]() |
Ramona R.
Sparks, NV
|
|
Thank you for doing such stellar work on my paper. How anyone could write a paper this well on a subject this boring, is beyond me. When I tried to write it myself, I thought it would have put my professor to sleep! Your writers made it sound so interesting! I really appreciate that. Thanks a million! |
![]() |
Delaine A.
Taos, NM
|
|
I had a question about the pricing. As I glanced through the EssaysEmpire.com website, I noticed that they were offering a lot for not all that much money. I spoke to a customer service person and she told me that the prices I saw on the website were accurate. Therefore, I ordered my first paper, not expecting all that much. What I got back was a brilliantly written essay that earned an A+ mark! Wow! I am impressed! |
![]() |
Sharon S.
Dallas, TX
|
|
I greatly appreciate your assistance. Writing has never been my strong point. When I needed help, EssaysEmpire.com gave it to me. I am completely satisfied! |
![]() |
Marcus H.
Eugene, OR
|
|
You’ve done it again! Every time I order a paper from EssaysEmpire.com, you top the last one. This latest one was the best yet. I truly do appreciate the fact that you offer such high quality writing. It never fails. With some of the other writing services online, you ever really know what you are going to get. Sometimes, they just sell you a paper that someone else has already bought. I never have to worry about things like that happening when I use EssaysEmpire.com. |
![]() |
Jeff M.
Baltimore, MD
|
|
I would like to commend your excellent writers for a job well done. They followed my directions to a tee. Thank you, EssaysEmpire.com for being who you are and for doing what you do. There is no better writing service anywhere. |
![]() |
Grace G.
London, UK
|
|
I was quite satisfied with the results of my paper order. EssaysEmpire.com sure has some good writers! I thought it might just be some college kids who were writing in their spare time to earn some extra bucks. No! EssaysEmpire.com hires legitimate writers. They all seem to be well educated and intelligent, too. My paper was terrific! |
![]() |
Joyce T.
New Orleans, LA
|
|
I was trying to choose between EssaysEmpire.com and another online writing service and I didn’t know which one to pick. Then, I began to read reviews. I didn’t read even one thing negative about EssaysEmpire.com, and the other site was fraught with complaints. I went with EssaysEmpire.com, and it turned out that all the good things I had read about the service were true. My paper was fully guaranteed, but it was A-1 quality. The customer service people were great. The prices were right. Now, I am a devoted fan. When I need help with my writing, I go straight to EssaysEmpire.com! |