Trajectories Leading to Autism Spectrum
← Health Care Data Quality | Bulimia Nervosa → |
Article Summary
The article analyzed articulates that the diverse extensional researches which have been developed to evaluate and explain Autism; there has never been an established cause which brings about this disorder. ASD was exemplified to also feature other from of disorder such as; Asperger’s disorder, disintegrative disorder and pervasive development disorder (PDD-NOS) this usually corresponds to the impairment triad symptoms (Lundstrorm, Et al (2010). The research article has attempted to link this disorder to role of ageing in parent as the risk factor linking to numerous neurodevelopment disorders associated with Autism.
The target article clearly pin point the link between parental ageing roles as the number one autism risk factor. The rationale of the study indicates that the authors evaluated the role of parental age as the number one risk factor which fosters autism, evaluated in two separate nations Sweden and UK as the representative cohort’s nationality. The main question which the authors were attempting to analyze being how the parent age affects the chances of having a child with autism. This was exemplified from the fact that fast studies which deals with this disorder have indicated that older parents and this is mostly projected towards fathers, are mostly likely to father children with autism (Kolevzon, Et al, 2007). The research was evidently carried out with a vast number of twins; this was so that the author would help elucidate the association linking parental age and comparative environment versus the contribution of genetics to development of autism. Thus the authors evenly articulated that that genetics and environmental factors altogether plays parts in development of autism in children.
Further the authors also conclude that some etiological factors fostered by ASD are also linked to de novo mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. Thus this has been closely linked with advancement of parental age as to possess the high risk of de novo genetic mutations accosted by older father’s germ-lines. According to Lundstrorm, Et al (2010) indicated that as the parental age advances there is great dimension in the relation of pathogenetic ASD processes, however, the influential role of environment and genetic in ASD is usually affected by paternal age variation. To compute this statement the author induced the twin methodology so as to ascertain the ASD severity comparison with pair similarity. The similarity was between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins with the variation of the paternal age advancement, the conclusion coined here revealed that the moderation of genetic as environmental effects is enhanced by paternal age.
The method which the authors injected to carry out the research which facilitated two nationality representative from Sweden and UK for the study, the twin study from Sweden outcome resulted at n = 11, 122 which was mostly assessed from the subjects aged 9-12 years, and the UK results outcome was n=13, 524 and the age group which was assessed was nine years to facilitate the analysis. Thus the research embarked on the continuous and categorical ASD measures, thorough evaluation and calculation of similar traits of autistic and autistic relationship over the categories of parental age.
The result of the analysis indicated in both cohorts a strong relation between ASD risk and paternal age. However, some new development was recorded, this evidently showed a great discernment in the U-shaped risk relation in the fact that the both the off spring of younger father and older father indicated signs of fostering high element of ASD risk. Both of these subjects showed high signs of having children with ASD. The risk factor recorded on young fathers between the ages of below 25 years was computed to be 100% of risk factor of having children with autism. Older fathers between the ages of above 50 years the risk factor was high up to 200% of having children with ASD disorder or related complications echoed by Crow (2000). Thus from this data the authors articulated that as paternal age advancement continue to elevate the risk of having children with ASD. In both the monozygotic and dizygotic twins there was great indication of autistic similarity which is mostly influenced by advancement of the paternal age. There were elements of autistic like traits in both cohorts documented on offspring’s of younger and older fathers.
The authors finding from the study indicated that the result replicated what was already advocated by the study of autism that advancing of paternal age is linked with high risk of ASD. Secondly that also younger paternal age is similarly associated with risk factor of ASD. Thirdly the study also concluded that the twin similarity in twin is also influenced by advancement of paternal age. Lastly the paternal age was also revealed to be associated with language functioning, stereotype and repetitive behavior and social functioning in overall population which are also main signs of ASD as exemplified by Lundstrorm, Et al (2010).
Article Criticism and Recommendation
The article although provides some light to the autism disorder and the role which paternal age plays to influence ASD on the offspring, has little from what other experts have already exemplified concerning the topic. The article first statement is that there is little knowledge of documented fact on the cause of autism (Kolevzon, Et al, 2007). Then the author goes ahead and drums the concept butchering the concept of paternal age role in ASD. The factor which are detailed here are basically bias, this is because the question which is usually portrayed by behavioral geneticists is not whether autism is genetic or environmental influenced through arrays of factors which researchers offers without sufficient evidence.
However, proper research conducted with the merit of gaining glory of bias material have exemplified with much evident and fact that autism is not purely genetic and is not even environmental. The contentious issue here being that autism is greatly an over blown proportion of a very heterogeneous condition which is most probably harbored by multiple genetic and environmental factors.
When trying to evaluate the influencing factors which favor autism behavioral geneticists have exemplified the similarity of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. This is usually done to determine the contribution and specific conditions which facilitate ASD in relation to the contribution of both genetic and environmental factors. Thus this has brought about the debate crux to rest on when in regard to the correlation within MZ twins the disorder rate is higher than the DZ twin’s correlation. Through this conclusion one is open to assume the significant contribution of genetics, this is because from that fact the MZ twins are ideologically genetically identical while the DZ twins are not (Crow, 2000).
This is well explain in the fact that when a disorder has a huge genetic contribution then it is scientifically correct to expect that the identical twins are more prone to have the disorder than the twins which aren’t identical. Only in disorder which has little genetic contribution would there be likely chances that the DZ and MZ twins have the same chances of sharing the disorder. However, since the main emphasis usually rely on how identical the genetics are there will be less or no different. This shows that the research was actually beating around the bush on the already assumed facts on autism by the authors of the article as echoed by Constantino & Todd (2003).
Thus this show that for this kind of research to be without much flaws, there should be another analysis taken to facilitate the correct finding on the matters discussed in the paper as a follow up. This will generally be exclusive of multiple genetic and environmental factors which are the basis under which age plays the integration role in autism. The main emphasis of this process is to develop and determine the central contribution and specific conditions which fosters ASD disorders linking to the contribution of both genetic and environmental factors. The research should be repeated on the same venue as the first research so that due to environmental factors may not cloud the reasoning allocated from the findings.
Conclusion
The phenomenon circulating paternal age in autism has some element of the trajectories which arises to autistic-like traits and ASD. However, the mechanisms which influence these trajectories are diverse concerning the paternal age. There is dire need for more complex molecular genetic research for further elucidation in the association of paternal age and ASD and the variation which are accorded on social language and repetitive behavior in the society.
![]() |
Nancy T.
Little Rock, AR
|
|
The quality of the work produced by your professional writers is second to none. No wonder you have the reputation for being the best writing service online! You certainly met up to all of my expectations! You’re the best, for sure. |
![]() |
Phoebe K.
Madison, CT
|
|
I find your writing company to be professional, proficient and perfect. Your papers are always so good! They make good reading, in addition to being well written assignments. I can tell your writers really know their stuff! |
![]() |
Celeste H.
San Francisco, CA
|
|
EssaysEmpire.com always gives me a plagiarism report to prove that the work they wrote for me is authentic. I appreciate this. It helps eliminate worry. |
![]() |
George Sparlin
Nashville, TN
|
|
You guys are fabulous to offer such amazing guarantees for your work. I hired you for my last two papers because there was no risk involved. That was a pretty attractive option, if you ask me. Of course, I didnРІР‚в„ўt have to cash in on any kind of guarantee, because the work was perfect! Go figure. Thank you, EssaysEmpire.com. |
![]() |
Phil E.
South Hadley, MA
|
|
So often, when one deals with customer service, he or she is treated rudely. That was not the case with EssaysEmpire.com. The agents were helpful and friendly, knowledable and concerned. I, for one, was astounded with their competence. When it came down to the actual written material that I ordered, it was much better than I had anticipated. There are clearly some expert writers who work for EssaysEmpire.com. I would rate this writing service as exceptional, 5 stars out of 5 stars. I will happily return when I need help with another written work. |
![]() |
Ren B.
Sparks, NV
|
|
I ordered two papers from you at once. Both of them had strict deadlines and not that much time left. Your writers managed to get both papers to me on time, and both of them received high marks. I am so happy about this! |
![]() |
Quincy S.
Cambridge, MA
|
|
You guys did a super job on my paper. The work definitely exceeded my expectations and eased my anxiety. This was the first time I had hired a writing service. The transaction was seamless. I would use you guys again in a heartbeat! No questions asked. You’re the best, hands down. |
![]() |
Royce B.
Dallas, TX
|
|
It is so refreshing to work with a writing service as professional as EssaysEmpire.com. Everything from your website, to your customer service workers to the writing itself, is top rate. I recommend you highly to anyone who will listen. |
![]() |
Patti F.
Boulder, CO
|
|
I have complete confidence in the quality of the work that I order from your writing service. You have always been the prime example of what a writing service should be. |
![]() |
Sylvia B.
Lakeview, MA
|
|
Your writers did an excellent job writing my four papers last semester. I don’t think I could have possibly made it through the semester without any help of EssaysEmpire.com. I deeply appreciate the help |
![]() |
Mark R.
Seattle, WA
|
|
I am so happy with my term paper. The writer did a spectacular job!! Thanks to the writing team and also to the customer service team. |
![]() |
Carolyn C.
Norman, OK
|
|
My paper was completed 3 days earlier than I had requested it. It needed no revisions and was much better than I had imagined. Thanks, EssaysEmpire.com! |
![]() |
Mark M.
Cambridge, MA
|
|
The paper I ordered from EssaysEmpire.com is incomparable! Thanks for doing such stellar work. I have recommended your services to a few other folks who plan to try you out soon. EssaysEmpire.com gets my vote for best writing service every time. |
![]() |
Sarah H.
Brooklyn, NY
|
|
As always, I can count on EssaysEmpire.com to never let me down. I had to place an emergency order and was worried that I had not given the writer enough time to do a good job. I was wrong. They did a tremendous job! Thanks ever so much! |
![]() |
Della M.
Belfast, IR
|
|
I had to turn on my laptop for the express purpose of writing to you. I had to let you know what lifesavers you people are! I had never even considered hiring a professional writer to help me and was almost resigned to dropping out of school altogether. Then, I thought about it, and asked myself what it would hurt to try EssaysEmpire.com for just one paper. That paper was written astonishingly well! From that one paper, I learned many of the things that I did not know about writing. It was perfect, so I learned all about formatting in the APA style. I learned a lot, so I want to thank you for that. |
![]() |
Stephanie M.
Bath, ME
|
|
This is the fourth A+ in a row from EssaysEmpire.com! Thanks! |
![]() |
Tommy Davids
Singapore, CH
|
|
EssaysEmpire.com knows how to do the things that it takes to instill confidence in their customers. They can be counted on every time, to deliver high quality service and high quality writing at prices that we can afford. I would never use any other writing company. “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” It ain’t broke! |
![]() |
Alexandra Z.
Dallas, TX
|
|
I am sitting here reading over what your writing service offers and I just realized that you are the only one that offers free rewrites and full guarantees on your work. This tells me that you are an honest company that I want to do business with. |
![]() |
Willow P.
Park City, UT
|
|
You guys do top-notch work. Time after time, I have had to rely on your help and I can say honestly that you have never let me down. Thank you so much for coming through for me every time. I am not a good writer. I try. I study hard, but when I need help, you are always there to give it to me at an affordable price. |
![]() |
Sarah M.
Portland, OR
|
|
Today was the perfect day to make an A+! It convinced me that there are solutions to problems that seem impossible to solve. When I realized that the due date for my paper was coming up quickly, I felt like there was nothing I could do. If I didn’t hand in my paper on time, I would get an F and fail the course. However, I had to study for 3 major exams and write two other papers. My roommate suggested that I turn the paper over to you guys, which I did, and voila! I got an A+ on it and the problem was solved. Thank you, EssaysEmpire.com and to your writers and staff. You are a great writing service. |